FEATURES OF PUBLIC-GEOGRAPHICAL MAPPING OF CONFESSIONAL SPACE OF UKRAINE

A universal author's methodology for mapping the confessional space of the territory with the use of special methods and means is proposed. In the process of scientific research, the following tasks are accomplished: 1) an analysis of existing cartographic materials is carried out, where the confessional structure and other scientific sources are displayed; 2) the main advantages and disadvantages of using certain methods, means, techniques and symbols are highlighted; 3) its own methodology for mapping the confessional space of individual territories is developed (on the example of the territory of Ukraine and its individual regions). The offered results of scientific researches are approved at scientific conferences and congresses and have received positive responses of leading scientists of Ukraine in the field of cartography. As a result of such studies and practical application of the mapping methodology, we created a series of maps (more than 120) reflecting the confessional space of Ukraine at the level of administrative and territorial regions and cities of regional importance. We also built a map for Volyn, Rivne, Lviv, Ternopil, Khmelnytsky, Chernivtsi, Ivano-Frankivsk and Zakarpattia regions at the settlement level. This allows to identify the various areas of possible interconfessional confrontations, as well as promising destinations for the development of religious tourism. The main scientific result of the scientific research is the proposed methodology for mapping the confessional space, as well as creating tourist maps for the development of religious tourism. These results create the foundation for further scientific reflection on the process of mapping and cartographic monitoring of confessional space. They can serve as basic information for regulating interfaith relations at various levels, which is relevant for Ukraine today.


Introduction
Mapping as a way of conveying information about natural or social phenomena and processes of the territory today is one of the main methods of reproducing spatial irregularities and polarizations.More and more often, cartographic images are used to reproduce the territorial organization of any phenomena and processes and report them to an ordinary person.That's why there is a problem to choose such methods and means of mapping correctly and most importantly enough will be able to convey information to its ordinary reader.
Particularly relevant for Ukraine is the issue of the development of religious tourism as a promising area among all types of tourism.Therefore, the creation of tourist maps is one of the important tasks of Ukrainian scientists in the field of geography, cartography and tourism.
The relevance of this research topic is also confirmed by the tense interconfessional situation on the territory of Ukraine that developed between the Ukrainian Orthodox Church and the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Kyiv Patriarchate in 2014.Cartographic monitoring of the confessional space is the most important source of information about its territorial abolition, which is able to identify areas of distribution of various faiths and prevent religious conflicts.Also, with the help of the map of religious and tourist potential, it is possible to clearly identify promising destinations for the development of religious tourism and, accordingly, better plan tourist trips.

Materials and methods of research
The main source and information materials for the study are: 1) available cartographic materials from the end of the 19th century, where the confessional structure of the population is reflected;

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2) scientific literary sources dedicated to issues of general and thematic (namely socio-economic) mapping; 3) statistical data of the confessional structure of the regions of Ukraine.
In the process of conducting scientific research, we used both general scientific and specific methods of scientific research.The most important method of scientific research is certainly the cartographic method, which has two aspects of use, namely: 1) analysis of the existing maps is carried out where the confessional space is reproduced in order to identify the advantages and disadvantages of the used methods and means of mapping; 2) their own cartographic models are created with the display of confessional space and their advantages and disadvantages are analyzed.
In addition to the cartographic method of scientific research, methods of analysis and synthesis, the use of literary sources, comparative-geographical, mathematical, statistical, and others are used.The combination of the use of these methods of scientific research allowed us to obtain appropriate scientific conclusions and propose new approaches for mapping the confessional (religious) space of Ukraine and its individual regions.

Results of scientific research on the methodology of mapping of confessional space
The religious space of Ukraine is a complex, multi-religious socio-cultural formation, manifests itself and affects many processes [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10].Its mapping today raises many questions and creates many problems due to the lack of statistical information on the number of supporters of a particular confession.These data can only be obtained from population censuses, but there is no graph on religious affiliation in the census questionnaire.Today, the basic statistical information reproducing religious space data on the number of registered (unregistered, but operating) religious organizations and communities.Indicators of providing confessions with cult constructions and clergymen, printed periodicals, educational institutions of different levels, etc. are also quite important [5].
To develop a methodology for mapping the confessional space of Ukraine and its individual parts, the following algorithm for scientific research has been developed, where its main stages are envisaged: preparatory, analytical and basic.
During the preparatory stage, an information base for scientific research was formed, namely: statistical materials describing the confessional space of the regions of Ukraine, cartographic materials from the late 19th century, and also literary sources of scientists in the field of geography of religion were collected .
The maps are particularly interesting, they are highlighted in the Internet and cover the distribution of the confessions (Fig. 1) in some countries or territories that are superior in administrative-territorial units (in the USA, Turkey, Romania, Germany and others).
During the analytical stage it is necessary to classify the collected information sources on the following grounds: 1) by confessional membership (Ukrainian Orthodox Church, Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Kyiv Patriarchate, Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, etc.) [26].The groupings of communities of different confessions on Orthodox, Catholic, Protestant, Muslim and other subspaces and with close interfaith groups have been developed, which is reflected in Table 1.Such group is explained by the fact that all denominations will be impossible to map; 2) by the state of worship (acting, partially acting, not acting); 3) by the preservation degree (destroyed, dilapidated, restored and newly built); 4) by the architectural style (Ukrainian Baroque, Gothic, Cossack, wooden home, etc.); 5) by religious significance (monastery, cathedral, parish church, synagogue, church, basilica, etc.); 6) by the creation time (medieval, Cossack period, 18-19 centuries, beginning and middle of the 20th century, the end of the 20th -the beginning of the 21st century).
Also during the analytical stage of creating cartographic models of confessional space, analysis of literature sources and existing cartographic works is conducted and methods and means of mapping are selected [25].The most important is the main stage of scientific research when the methodology was developed and mapping of the territory of Ukraine and its individual regions was carried out in accordance with the needs of Ukraine [24].

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When mapping the religious space of the regions of Ukraine at the highest administrative-territorial level, it is expedient to use such methods of mapping as a circular or square diagram [1].Both of them (Fig. 2) will reflect the religious distribution of communities according to their specific gravity, and their size is the total number of communities in cities of state significance (Kyiv, Sevastopol), the region or Crimea.It is advisable to reflect the level of localization of communities in the territory that can be reproduced as the ratio of the number of religious communities to the area (the localization index proposed by A. Kovalchuk [14]), the population size or the number of settlements.Thus, mapping was used in drawing up a map of "Religious Organizations" in the National Atlas of Ukraine [18].Several other approaches for mapping should be done when concluding maps of the religious space of certain regions of Ukraine.When creating a map scheme, for example, in the Ternopil re-Earth and Planetary Sciences gion, at the level of administrative regions, it is possible to use the same approaches as for the map of Ukraine [11].But if conducting a detailed study of religious space at the level of settlements, then it is necessary to change the approaches to choosing methods and means of mapping.In particular, it is proposed to use the method of a circular chart in which to accurately reflect the number of communities even if they are all of the same denomination to display the confessional space of a particular settlement.The size of the circle, in our opinion, should reflect the total number of religious communities.The background on such maps can also display the localization of communities both in terms of area and population.If the size of the pie chart shows the number of communities, and not the size of the settlement, then it is necessary to display the binding of the religious population space to the background (Fig. 3).Fig. 3. Fragment and legend of the map scheme "Confessional structure of the Ternopil region" carried out at the level of settlements [11] Such approach will help to better understand the level of confessional dispersion, depending on the size of the settlement after the population.It is established that usually a larger settlement has more faiths and, accordingly, communities.However, in the poly-confessional regions it is possible to observe the situation when in a settlement with a population of 500 people there are registered 2-3 communities of different confessions, which is explained by various factors.Therefore, such map scheme will help to predict the perception of religious space, depending on the size and socio-economic and humanitarian development of settlements, especially rural ones.

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Another problem that is uncertain until the end is the use of a color scheme for mapping communities of different denominations (Table 1).Let's believe that here it is worth using as much as possible the colors of the most faiths in their mapping.For example, for the UOC it is necessary to use red color, UOC-KP -dark-headed, UGCC -orange, pink and purple shades used for Protestant communities of different directions, light green for Muslims, gray for Jews and the like.When displaying the religious space of individual settlements, it is possible to use a way of icons, similar to the cult buildings (Fig. 4).However, as experience shows, such maps are more difficult to read.However, when developing tourist maps, when applying sacred tourism objects, the use of the iconic method has the best effect for an ordinary tourist.This is explained by the fact that not all religious communities are displayed on such maps, but only the most significant religious buildings.Through the use of the icon method, the map "Religious and Tourist Potential of the Chernivtsi Region" is drawn up (Fig. 5), which reflects the methodology of mapping with the purpose of creating tourist and tourist-scientific maps [12].
As it is possible to see, this map is quite understandable for the average reader, it carries a lot of information about the religious buildings, namely the material from which it is built, construction and confessional identity.Also, this map clearly reflects the administrative and territorial areas with the greatest religious and tourist potential, allowing more efficiently to compose tourist routes, choosing the main and secondary, for viewing tourists, objects.
Modern trends in the use of computer and geo-information technologies are very important in the compilation of cartographic maps of various levels and types, as well as in cartographic monitoring [3]. 1

Fig. 1 .
Fig. 1.Distribution of Greek Catholics in Romania: a -according to the 2002 census; b -the dominant communities of the confession in the US

Fig. 2 .
Fig. 2. Fragment and legend of the map: a -"Religious Organizations" from the National Atlas of Ukraine; b -"The Confessional Space of Ukraine"

Fig. 4 .
Fig. 4. Indicative icons for creating a map of sacred tourism potential (these vectors are taken from the Internet)

Table 1
Recommendations on the use of color scheme in the mapping of confessional space in the region