THE STUDY OF PRODUCTION REGIMES AND QUALITY PARAMETERS OF EXTRUDED FEED ADDITIVE BASED ON CORN SEED AND SUBSTANDARD EGG MASS

On the base of practical studies were established the rational parameters of technological processes of production of extruded feed additive. There was determined an expedience of mixture of substandard chicken egg mass and the crushed corn seed in two stages in frame (during 18 s) and blade (during 120...180 s) mixers. There were determined the optimal regimes of mixture extruding: pressure in working zone of extruder 2...3 mPa, consumed force of electric motor 4,0...4,5 kW, temperature on outcome of extruder 110...120 oС, duration of process 60...120 s, diameter of matrix port 10 mm. There were given the results of study of parameters of quality and nutritive value of extruded feed additive. It was established, that in the process of extruding the quality parameters of food additive are improved at the expense of dextrinization and gelatinization of starch, decrease of bacterial and fungal pollution, disinfection of product. There was proved a possibility to solve problem of utilization of defective eggs at feeding poultry.


Introduction
Last 5 years in mixed fodder industry of the world was marked the course on the rise of requirements to the quality and safety of mixed fodder production [1][2][3].

Food Science and Technology
At the same time there was observed the decrease of nutritive value of the raw material for production of the ready goods [4].In this connection scientists and practicians throughout the world search for possibility to use the new fodder means that would lead to reduction of prices of mixed fodders and cattle-breeding production.
In Ukraine are produced near 100000 tones of substandard egg mass annually [5,6], that is often missed because of significant cost of its processing [7,8].There is a possibility to use substandard chicken eggs without shell as a source of animal protein in composition of mixed fodders for poultry, namely for production of extruded feed additive (EFA).Technological method of EFA production provides getting of homogenous mixture of crushed corn seed and substandard egg mass and extruding of mixture [9].
The studies were aimed at establishing of the optimal parameters of processes of mixing and extruding of corn seed and substandard egg mass under conditions of the best quality parameters of EFA.

Materials and methods of research
Theoretical and practical studies on the topic were carried out in Odessa national academy of nutritive technologies (Ukraine).Experimental studies were carried out on the base of departments of mixed fodders and biofuels, biochemistry, microbiology and physiology of nutrition and also laboratory of biochemistry of Odessa selection-genetic institute of National center of seed and sort studies of NAAS of Ukraine.
The process of mixing egg mass without shell and crushed seed raw material for getting highly homogenous feed additive enriched with protein was carried out in frame mixer (Fig. 1) and in mixer of periodic action with blade mixing device (Fig. 2, 3) [10].The part of crushed seed raw material and homogenous egg mass without shell was dosed and mixed in frame mixer during 180 s in 1:1 ratio for even distribution of liquid raw material in mixture.
Preliminary prepared components were loaded in bath of the 1 mixer through the loading ports starting from the main part of crushed seed raw material that is included in the content of feed additive in maximal amount and finishing with preliminary mixture that is included in the content of feed additive in minimal amount.The components were mixed in laboratory mixer during 60…360 s at the equal frequency of rotation of mixer working organ n=1,33 s -1 .After finishing of process the hatch was open for unloading the mixture components in bunker 4. The homogeneity of components distribution in mixture content was assessed by the node component (beta-carotene) that is included in the content in minimal amount.The assessment of efficiency of the mixing process was carried out by heterogeneity coefficient (V с ) of distribution of egg mass without shell in mixture depending on time of mixing (1) [11]: ) where x -mean arithmetical observation of values that is the mean content of node component in samples; x i -random value in в i-th experience; n -number of selected samples.Technological process of extruding was carried out on extruder of EX-150 (Вronto, "Cherkaselevmotormach", Ukraine) (Fig. 4) [12].

Food Science and Technology
Extruder works in the following way.Product comes to bunker 1 from external supply system.After switching on the electric motor 5 and then vibrofeeder 2, mixture is supplied from bunker 1 by vibrofeeder in the working zone of screw part through the reception funnel with magnet-catcher.During the movement on tract of the screw working zone 3, made by spiral channels and glasses ribs, mixture is crushed and pressed out through the central port of outcome screw bush 3. Heating up of the mixture takes place at the expense of force internal friction and at the expense of friction between mixture and screws and basic parts.Ready product comes out through the central port of outcome bush as jet or braid.Extruder is completed with the short spinnerets that are not cooled that allows receive products of porous macrostructure.If appears a necessity in crushing product, extruder is completed with cutter.
For acceleration of extruder starting the matrix was preliminary heated up to the temperature 90...100 °С.Regulation of the process temperature and "explosion" coefficient is realized by the change of axis position of outcome bush that is displaced on thread.The change of bush position leads to increase or decrease of clearance between tip and port of outcome bush of the screw part 3.At that the decrease of clearance leads to increase of the product temperature, increase of product "explosion" coefficient and vice versa.
Before the start of the work ammeter and wattmeter were connected to the set for determination of energy-power characteristics.The indications of these devices were fixed at idling and under load.
Determination was carried out by the way of weighing mass that came out from the outcome port of extruder screw part during 180 s.By the way of recalculation was received the hour set productivity.For reducing productivity to the conventional density 750 kg/m 3 the received productivity value was multiplied by coefficient that was determined by division of conventional density by the actual one.
The power of electric motor at idling and under load was determined by formulas ( 2), (3): where I idling , I load -power of current at idling and under load, А; cosφ -coefficient of phases displacement; U -tension of current in nets (380 V).
Electric power consumption was determined by formula (3): where N idling , N load -power of electric motor at idling and under load, kW; Q -productivity, kg/year.After starting up extruder was taken to regime when its productivity, process temperature and power of electric motor current corresponded to the nominal values.Only after attaining this regime the indication of ammeter and wattmeter under load were fixed.Indications were registered with periodicity, accepted depending on mass of outcome raw material and its quality (during 120…300 s).The set productivity was determined under conditions when the consumed power of the main electric motor is 100 %, quality of extruded product is satisfactory and temperature corresponds to the specified one [10,12,13].

Results of research
To get the highly homogenous mixture of crushed corn seed and substandard egg mass it is expedient to carry out two-phased mixing (in frame mixer during 180 s was received preliminary mixture of components in 1:1 ratio and in mixer with blade mixing device during 120…180 s was realized the main mixing of preliminary mixture of components and crushed corn seed that remained).
Experimental production of EFA samples was carried out on mechanical extruder EZ-150.In extruder was set the matrix with port of diameter 10 mm.In extruding process the pressure in extruder working zone, consumed power of electric motor, temperature of product at outcome of extruder were fixed 2…3 mPa, 4,0…4,5 kW, 110…120 о С respectively.The process duration was 60…120 s.

Food Science and Technology
As a result of research it was determined, that at introduction in the content of feed additive of 10 % of egg mass without shell the extruding process passes at minimal energy consumption, and the quality parameters of feed additive are the best.
In studied samples of feed additive were determined the changes of physical properties (Table 1), chemical composition (Table 2), amino acid composition of proteins (Table 3) and qualitative-quantitative composition of microflora (Table 4) in extruding process.Analysis of data, given the Table 1 testifies that extruding process positively influences the physical properties of final product.As it can be seen from the data of Table 2 the starch content decreases in extruding process.It is connected with deep gelatinization of seed starch at processing.At that takes place the destruction of starch macromolecules with creation of dextrins and sugars that significantly increases assimilability of the final product.Nutritive properties of protein essentially depend on the duration of thermal processing of product.In the case of short-term process the high result is provided -nutritive value of protein practically does not decrease [15,16].
Extruding was carried out at temperature 110…120 о С during 60…120 s that caused interest of the study of change of amino acid composition of proteins at extruding.As in can be seen from the results of the study (Table 3) extruding influences the biological value of protein in feed additive, especially the general content of amino acids in EFA decreased by 6,5 %.Moreover the content of irreplaceable amino acids in extruding process decreased by 7,9 %, and of replaceable -by 6 %.The results of research, given in the Table 4, indicate that under the complex effect of high temperatures and pressure in extruder working zone takes place disinfection of feed additive.The decrease of general bacterial seeding in the process of storage is connected with low humidity of the studied samples.

Table 2
Changes of chemical composition of feed additive in extruding process (in calculation for the dry substance)

Table 4
Change of sanitary quality of feed additive in the process of processing and storage in unregulated conditions