ANALYSIS OF MODERN VIEWS ON THE ETIOLOGY OF DYSGRAPHIA

Abstract

The article considers the problem of dysgraphia as one of types of written speech disorders, studied by speech therapists, psychologists, neurophysiologists and neuropsychologists of different countries for more than hundred years, but still one of most difficult and urgent till now. It is explained, that writing disorders are denoted in the special literature by the term “dysgraphia”. It is noted, that the term “dyslexia” is actively used by foreign scientists. In several countries (USA, UK) writing disorders are considered as ones, accompanied by dyslexia. Using the term «dyslexia», foreign scientists understand it as difficulties in mastering sign activity, first of all reading and writing. It is accented, that in works of German scientists difficulties in reading, writing and mathematics are denoted by the term «Lese-Rechtschreibshwache». French scientists interpret mistakes in letter denotation of the sound composition of a word in writing and orthographical mistakes as «Dysorthographie», «D’orthographie». It is accented, that the question of the dysgraphia essence still insufficiently studied for today, despite its complex studying in different aspects: clinical, pedagogical, psychophysiologic, neurophysiologic, psychogenetic, psychological-pedagogical, psycholinguistic, neuropsychological. At that certain questions, connected with writing disorders, are interpreted ambiguously, sometimes contradictorily. One of such questions is causes of dysgraphia appearance. It is noted, that three different conceptions are separated in studies, devoted to the dysgraphia etiology: functional, organic and genetic determination; the influence of unfavorable factors in prenatal, natal and postnatal periods; importance of social causes of dysgraphia. It is explained, that studies of dysgraphia in the psychogenetic aspect indicate that disorders of written speech often have the hereditary character. From the clinical point of view, written speech disorders in children are considered as results of the minimal cerebral dysfunction. Scientists’ views on this problem in the neurophysiologic aspect are considered. It is noted, that difficulties in writing skills formation are the result of the whole complex of etiologic factors. Each of the mentioned factors, moreover their combination, can become a cause of difficulties in writing skills formation.